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This page was created on 20-Feb-2010 19:16 by Carsten Strotmann

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Version Date Modified Size Author Changes ... Change note
270 26-Mar-2023 02:03 17 KB Administrator to previous
269 26-Mar-2023 02:02 17 KB Administrator to previous | to last
268 26-Mar-2023 02:01 17 KB Administrator to previous | to last
267 26-Mar-2023 02:00 17 KB Administrator to previous | to last ACTION Source Code ==> Action Source Code
266 26-Mar-2023 01:59 17 KB Administrator to previous | to last
265 26-Mar-2023 01:58 17 KB Administrator to previous | to last
264 26-Mar-2023 01:56 17 KB Administrator to previous | to last Remove links to delete manual pages
263 26-Mar-2023 01:22 17 KB Administrator to previous | to last Fix SF links
262 26-Mar-2023 01:21 17 KB Administrator to previous | to last
261 26-Mar-2023 01:18 17 KB Administrator to previous | to last Move manuals to Sourceforge

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Action
Action

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Action (also Action!) is an Atari-specific programming language written by Clinton Parker and sold by Optimized Systems Software (OSS) in ROM cartridge form starting in August 1983. It is the only language other than [BASIC|Basic] and [assembler] that had real popularity on the platform and saw any significant coverage in the Atari press; type-in programs and various technical articles were found in most magazines. In comparison, languages like [Forth] and [Logo] saw much less use and almost no press coverage.
Action! is an Atari-specific programming language written by Clinton Parker and sold by Optimized Systems Software (OSS) in ROM cartridge form starting in August 1983. It is the only language other than [BASIC|Basic] and [assembler] that had real popularity on the platform and saw any significant coverage in the Atari press; type-in programs and various technical articles were found in most magazines. In comparison, languages like [Forth] and [Logo] saw much less use and almost no press coverage.
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Action uses a greatly cut-down version of the ALGOL syntax, and thus bears strong similarities with [Pascal] and [C], which were also derived from ALGOL. Like those languages, Action is procedural, with programs essentially consisting of a large collection of functions that call each other. It lacked encapsulation or data hiding, but that is not a serious concern in the limited program sizes available on an 8-bit machine. Syntactically it looks very similar to Pascal, with the exception that it uses ALGOL 68 DO/OD style bracketing rather than Pascal's BEGIN/END.
Action! uses a greatly cut-down version of the ALGOL syntax, and thus bears strong similarities with [Pascal] and [C], which were also derived from ALGOL. Like those languages, Action! is procedural, with programs essentially consisting of a large collection of functions that call each other. It lacked encapsulation or data hiding, but that is not a serious concern in the limited program sizes available on an 8-bit machine. Syntactically it looks very similar to Pascal, with the exception that it uses ALGOL 68 DO/OD style bracketing rather than Pascal's BEGIN/END.
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Action included a number of features to allow it to run as fast as possible. Notably, it's main data types were BYTE, INT and CARD, 8-bit and 16-bit signed and unsigned values, respectively. These map directly onto the basic 6502-types. The language also included a syntax to directly refer to these objects in memory so they could be mapped into hardware registers. For instance, one could set a variable to {{BYTE RTCLOK=20}} which defined the 8-bit value at memory location 20 to be the value of the real-time clock. The user could then read or write to that register using the name {{RTCLOK}}.
Action! included a number of features to allow it to run as fast as possible. Notably, it's main data types were BYTE, INT and CARD, 8-bit and 16-bit signed and unsigned values, respectively. These map directly onto the basic 6502-types. The language also included a syntax to directly refer to these objects in memory so they could be mapped into hardware registers. For instance, one could set a variable to {{BYTE RTCLOK=20}} which defined the 8-bit value at memory location 20 to be the value of the real-time clock. The user could then read or write to that register using the name {{RTCLOK}}.
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These design details helped increase performance, but the primary reason Action was much faster than other languages of the era was due to its memory management model. In languages like C and Pascal, procedure calls use a stack of records known as "activation records" that record the values of variables when the procedure was called. This allows a procedure to call itself, as each call can have its own values, and it is this feature that allows recursion. This concept requires the manipulation of a stack, which in the 6502 was a non-trivial prospect given the CPU stack was only 256 bytes.
These design details helped increase performance, but the primary reason Action! was much faster than other languages of the era was due to its memory management model. In languages like C and Pascal, procedure calls use a stack of records known as "activation records" that record the values of variables when the procedure was called. This allows a procedure to call itself, as each call can have its own values, and it is this feature that allows recursion. This concept requires the manipulation of a stack, which in the 6502 was a non-trivial prospect given the CPU stack was only 256 bytes.
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Action solved this problem by simply not implementing activation records. Instead, the storage space for variables was allocated at compile time (not dissimilar to Atari BASIC's model). This meant Action could not support recursion, but also eliminated the necessity to build and manipulate a complex stack. This dramatically lowers the overhead of procedure calls, and in a language that organizes a program as a series of procedure calls, this represents a significant amount of time.
Action! solved this problem by simply not implementing activation records. Instead, the storage space for variables was allocated at compile time (not dissimilar to Atari BASIC's model). This meant Action! could not support recursion, but also eliminated the necessity to build and manipulate a complex stack. This dramatically lowers the overhead of procedure calls, and in a language that organizes a program as a series of procedure calls, this represents a significant amount of time.
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Action had a number of limitations, none of them very serious. Curiously, Action did not include support for floating-point types, although such support is built into the machine's OS ROM (see [Atari BASIC] for details) and available to any programming language. This is a significant limitation in some roles, although perhaps not for its target market. It also lacked most string handling routines, but made up for this somewhat with a series of PRINT commands that made formatted output easy.
Action! had a number of limitations, none of them very serious. Curiously, Action! did not include support for floating-point types, although such support is built into the machine's OS ROM (see [Atari BASIC] for details) and available to any programming language. This is a significant limitation in some roles, although perhaps not for its target market. It also lacked most string handling routines, but made up for this somewhat with a series of PRINT commands that made formatted output easy.
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Generally, Action programs had performance on-par with reasonable-quality [assembler], while being much easier to program. In one review, it ran Byte's Sieve of Eratosthenes 219 times faster than Atari BASIC, while its source was only a few lines longer. In comparison, the assembler version's source ran on for several pages. Such performance, combined with terse code and library functions to access much of the platform's hardware, made it suitable for action games while still having a simple source format suitable for type-in programs. It deserved to be much more popular, and may have been had it been released earlier, or by Atari itself.
Generally, Action! programs had performance on-par with reasonable-quality [assembler], while being much easier to program. In one review, it ran Byte's Sieve of Eratosthenes 219 times faster than Atari BASIC, while its source was only a few lines longer. In comparison, the assembler version's source ran on for several pages. Such performance, combined with terse code and library functions to access much of the platform's hardware, made it suitable for action games while still having a simple source format suitable for type-in programs. It deserved to be much more popular, and may have been had it been released earlier, or by Atari itself.
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Action inspired several similar languages that differ largely in syntax and various features that they do or do not support. Examples include [PL65] and [Quick].
Action! inspired several similar languages that differ largely in syntax and various features that they do or do not support. Examples include [PL65] and [Quick].
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! Hello World
!Examples
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; Hello world in Action programming language for the Atari 8-Bit computers
; Hello world in Action! programming language for the Atari 8-Bit computers
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The {{;}} is a comment marker, which was a commonly used as the comment marker in assembler as well. The {{PROC}} is the start of a PROCedure, which ends (perhaps oddly) with {{RETURN}}. In Action, the last {{PROC}} in the program is the one that runs first, in this case "Hello". This is something of a mix between Pascal where the "global code" defines the program entry point, and C, where the function called "Main" is the entry point. The only line of code in this example is {{PrintE}}, which simply prints a string, while the more common {{PrintF}} is a formatted print similar to {{printf}} in C.
The {{;}} is a comment marker, which was a commonly used as the comment marker in assembler as well. The {{PROC}} is the start of a PROCedure, which ends (perhaps oddly) with {{RETURN}}. In Action!, the last {{PROC}} in the program is the one that runs first, in this case "Hello". This is something of a mix between Pascal where the "global code" defines the program entry point, and C, where the function called "Main" is the entry point. The only line of code in this example is {{PrintE}}, which simply prints a string, while the more common {{PrintF}} is a formatted print similar to {{printf}} in C.
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* [Action Manual|https://sourceforge.net/p/atari-action/code/ci/master/tree/JAC/doc/action-manual.pdf?format=raw] - The complete latest version of the manual in English. Created and updated by GoodByteXL. There is no better version worldwide! Thank you so much GoodByteXL. We are deep in your debt! :-)))
* [Action Handbuch|https://sourceforge.net/p/atari-action/code/ci/master/tree/JAC/doc/action-manual-de.pdf?format=raw] - Das komplette, vollständige, restaurierte und überarbeitete Action Handbuch in Deutsch! Der totale Hammer, inkl. Editor, Monitor, Language, Compiler, Library, Run Time, Toolkit. Vollständig überarbeitete Version von GoodByteXL. So müssen PDF-Dateien aussehen, es gibt weltweit nichts vergleichbares. AtariWiki empfiehlt die PDF-Datei auf das Wärmste! Wer diese nicht lädt, ist selber schuld. Wir bedanken uns an dieser Stelle sehr, sehr herzlich bei GoodByteXL für seine lange andauernde und intensive Arbeit an diesem Werk, dass er hiermit der Atari-Gemeinschaft zur Verfügung stellt. GoodByteXL mega-Danke für Deine Arbeit, die Gemeinschaft steht tief in Deiner Schuld. :-)))
* [Action_manual_3rd-revised_edition_2018_by_GBXL|action_rev_3-6_GBXL_2018.pdf] ; size: 991 KB ; 3rd revised and enlarged edition (p) 2018 by GBXL. There is no better version worldwide! Thank you so much GBXL. We are deep in your debt! :-)))
* [Action-Handbuch-komplett_2016_von_GBXL.pdf] ; Das komplette, vollständige, restaurierte und überarbeitete Action!-Handbuch in deutsch! Der totale Hammer, inkl. Editor, Monitor, Language, Compiler, Library, Run Time, Toolkit. Vollständig überarbeitete Version von 2016 von GoodByteXL. So müssen PDF-Dateien aussehen, es gibt weltweit nichts vergleichbares. AtariWiki empfiehlt die PDF-Datei auf das Wärmste! Wer diese nicht lädt, ist selber schuld. Wir bedanken uns an dieser Stelle sehr, sehr herzlich bei GoodByteXL für seine lange andauernde und intensive Arbeit an diesem Werk, dass er hiermit der Atari-Gemeinschaft zur Verfügung stellt. GoodByteXL mega-Danke für Deine Arbeit, die Gemeinschaft steht tief in Deiner Schuld. :-)))
* [Action_manual_3rd-revised_edition_2015_by_GBXL.pdf] ;The complete Action! manual! Editor, Monitor, Language, Compiler, Library, Run Time, Toolkit. 3rd revised edition 2015 by GoodByteXL. Highly recommended by the AtariWiki! This is, without any(!) doubt, the very best edition worldwide available. Nobody does it better. Mega-thanks to GoodByteXL for this outstanding work and the many hours of work to the community. We are deep in your debt! Thank you so much. :-)))
* [ACTION! Reference Manual]
* [ACTION! Handbuch] (German ACTION! Reference Manual)
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* [Larry's Action! Tutorial|Larrys Action Tutorial]
* [Larry's ACTION! Tutorial]
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* [Action! Workshop 1] - 24. October 2010 "Unperfekthaus" in Essen
* [Action! Workshop 2] - 02. October 2011 "Unperfekthaus" in Essen
* [Action! Workshop 3] - 28. October 2012 "Unperfekthaus" in Essen
* [ACTION! Workshop 1] 24. October 2010 "Unperfekthaus" in Essen
* [ACTION! Workshop 2] October 2011 "Unperfekthaus" in Essen
* [ACTION! Workshop 3] 28. October 2012 "Unperfekthaus" in Essen
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* [Action! Programming Language|https://sourceforge.net/projects/atari-action/] - The latest [sources|https://sourceforge.net/p/atari-action/code/ci/master/tree/] and [binaries|https://sourceforge.net/projects/atari-action/files/action.zip/download] for Action
* [Action! Programming Language|https://sourceforge.net/projects/] provides the latest [sources|https://sourceforge.net/p/atari-action/code/ci/master/tree/] and [binaries||https://sourceforge.net/projects/files] for Action!
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* [https://gury.atari8.info/effectus/] - Thank you soooo much Gury! That is totally incredible, we now can use high end editors, eclipse and have the results in a flash! We are deep in your debt! Thank you so much, really. :-)
* [https://gury.atari8.info/effectus/] ; Thank you soooo much Gury! That is totally incredible, we now can use high end editors, eclipse and have the results in a flash! We are deep in your debt! Thank you so much, really. :-)
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* [OSS_ACTION_Programmers_Aid_Disk_100.atr] - Rebuild from damaged discs and files around the world
* [OSS_ACTION_Programmers_Aid_Disk_100.atr] ; rebuild from damaged discs and files around the world
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* [The Action RunTime Disk-Original.atr] - Protected image copy of the original disk from a good soul from AtariAge
* [The ACTION! RunTime Disk.atr] - Unprotected copy of the original disk from a good soul from AtariAge
* [Original Action! System Runtime Source]
* [Alternative Action! Runtime Source]
* [The Action RunTime Disk-Original.atr] protected image copy of the original disk from a good soul from AtariAge
* [The ACTION! RunTime Disk.atr] unprotected copy of the original disk from a good soul from AtariAge
* [Original ACTION! System Runtime Source]
* [Alternative ACTION! Runtime Source]
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!Action Language and Editor
!Action! Language and Editor
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* [Action! Source Code]
* [ACTION! Source Code]
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* [Action! Editor Source Code|https://sourceforge.net/p/atari-action/code/ci/master/tree/ALFRED/EDITOR/]
* [ACTION! Editor Source Code|https://sourceforge.net/p/atari-action/code/ci/master/tree/ALFRED/EDITOR/]
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! Examples
! Source Code
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* [A pseudo Assembler in Action!]
* [A pseudo Assembler in ACTION!]
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* [END Procedure] - Call procedure to leave an Action Program
* [END Procedure] - Call prodedure to leave ACTION! Program
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* [SourceCodeDisk1] ; SpartaDOS X disk image with Action source code
* [SourceCodeDisk1] ; SpartaDOS X disk image with ACTION! source code
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* [Using the RAM Under the OS ROM on XL and XE Computers]
* [Using the RAM under the OS ROM on XL and XE Computers]
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* [Relocator] for Action; relocates Action code to run independent from the code location
* [Relocator] for ACTION!, relocates ACTION! code to run independent from the code location
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First Action ad in Compute July, 1983 ; please take into account: 128-column screen and for Apple II & Commodore 64. Thanks to GoodByteXL!
ACTION! first ad in Compute July, 1983 ; please take into account: 128-column screen and for Apple II & Commodore 64. Thanks to GoodByteXL!
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|[Review Action!]|#16 (02/ 84)|en|Review
|[An Introduction to ACTION!] |#17 + #18 (03+ 04/ 84)|en|Tutorial
|[Stars in 3D]|#20 (07/ 84)|en|Demo
|[Bounce in ACTION!]|#20 (07/ 84)|en|Game
|[Pulse in ACTION!]|#26 (01/ 85)|en|Demo
|[More Fun with Bounce!]|#27 (02/ 85)|en|Game
|[Demon Birds]|#28 (03/ 85)|en|Game
|[Roto]|#31 (06/ 85)|en|Game
|[Review Action!]|#16 (02/ 84)|en|review
|[An Introduction to ACTION!] |#17 + #18 (03+ 04/ 84)|en|tutorial
|[Stars in 3D]|#20 (07/ 84)|en|demo
|[Bounce in ACTION!]|#20 (07/ 84)|en|game
|[Pulse in ACTION!]|#26 (01/ 85)|en|demo
|[More Fun with Bounce!]|#27 (02/ 85)|en|game
|[Demon Birds]|#28 (03/ 85)|en|game
|[Roto]|#31 (06/ 85)|en|game
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|[Getting in on the Action! 1]|#32 (07/ 85)|en|Tutorial
|[Getting in on the Action! 2]|#35 (10/ 85)|en|Tutorial
|[Sneak attack]|#36 (11/ 85)|en|Game
|[Air hockey]|#38 (01/ 86)|en|Game
|[D-Check]|#44 (07/ 86)|en|Tool
|[Trails]|#50 (01/ 87)|en|Tool for using the KoalaPad in ACTION!
|[ACTION! Zero Free]|#54 (05/ 87) |en|Tool
|[Getting in on the Action! 1]|#32 (07/ 85)|en|ON-LINE Action! Tutorial
|[Getting in on the Action! 2]|#35 (10/ 85)|en|ON-LINE Action! Tutorial
|[Sneak attack]|#36 (11/ 85)|en|game
|[Air hockey]|#38 (01/ 86)|en|game
|[D-Check]|#44 (07/ 86)|en|tool
|[Trails]|#50 (01/ 87)|en|tool for using the KoalaPad in ACTION!
|[ACTION! Zero Free]|#54 (05/ 87) |en|tool
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|[Demo Pretty]|Vol. 3 #7 (11/ 84)|en|Demo from Antic I/O-Board
|[SPLASH in ACTION!]|Vol. 3 #12 (04/ 85)|en|Demo
|[Game AMAZING in ACTION!]|Vol. 4 #1 (05/ 85)|en|Game
|[View 3D]|Vol. 4 #2 (06/ 85)|en|Tool
|[Dark Star]|Vol. 4 #3 (07/ 85)|en|Game: Zapping Aliens With Radioactive Waste
|[Demo Pretty]|Vol. 3 #7 (11/ 84)|en|demo from Antic I/O-Board
|[SPLASH in ACTION!]|Vol. 3 #12 (04/ 85)|en|demo
|[Game AMAZING in ACTION!]|Vol. 4 #1 (05/ 85)|en|game
|[View 3D]|Vol. 4 #2 (06/ 85)|en|tool
|[Dark Star]|Vol. 4 #3 (07/ 85)|en|game:Zapping Aliens With Radioactive Waste
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|[Video Stretch]|Vol. 5 #6 (10/ 86)|en|Tool
|[Killer Chess]|Vol. 6 #10 (02/ 88)|en|Game
|[Reardoor]|Vol. 6 #10 (02/ 88)|en|Game
|[Frog]|Vol. 6 #10 (02/ 88)|en|Game
|[Video Stretch]|Vol. 5 #6 (10/ 86)|en|tool
|[Killer Chess]|Vol. 6 #10 (02/ 88)|en|game
|[Reardoor]|Vol. 6 #10 (02/ 88)|en|game
|[Frog]|Vol. 6 #10 (02/ 88)|en|game
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|[Schnelle Vektoren in ACTION!]|#1 (1-2/ 87)|de|Tutorial: Action!-Center Teil 1
|[Schnelle Umwege in ACTION!]|#2 (3-4/ 87)|de|Tutorial: Action!-Center Teil 2
|[Interne Variablen]|#3 (5-6/ 87)|de|Tutorial: Action!-Center Teil 3
|[Was ist dran an Action!?]|#4 (7-8/ 87)|de| Tutorial: Action!-Center Teil 4
|[Schnelle Vektoren in ACTION!]|#1 (1-2/ 87)|ge|tutorial:Action!-Center Teil 1
|[Schnelle Umwege in ACTION!]|#2 (3-4/ 87)|ge|tutorial:Action!-Center Teil 2
|[Interne Variablen]|#3 (5-6/ 87)|ge|tutorial:Action!-Center Teil 3
|[Was ist dran an Action!?]|#4 (7-8/ 87)|ge|tutorial:Action!-Center Teil 4
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|[ACTION! Deel]| |nl|A collection of Action Articles
|[ACTION! Deel]| |nl|A collection of ACTION! Articles
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|[Musik in ACTION] |#10/85|ge| Tutorial
|[ACTION! noch schneller] |#6-7/86|ge| Tutorial
|[Musik in ACTION] |#10/85|ge| tutorial
|[ACTION! noch schneller] |#6-7/86|ge| tutorial
This page (revision-270) was last changed on 26-Mar-2023 02:03 by Administrator  Top